Face is one of the most acceptable biometrics, because it is one of the most common methods of identification that humans use in their visual interactions and acquisition of faces is non-intrusive. Face recongition is of concern in un-attended authentication applications. It is very challenging to develop face recognition techniques which can tolerate the effects of aging, facial expressions, slight variations in the imaging environment and variations in the pose of face with respect to camera (2D and 3D rotations).

J.L. Wayman, A.K. Jain, D. Maltoni and D. Maio, Biometric Systems - Technology, Design and Performance Evaluation, Springer, 2005.

M. Ferrara and A. Franco, "Morph Creation and Vulnerability of Face Recognition Systems to Morphing", in Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection, Springer, 2022. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Skin Detection for Reducing False Positive in Face Detection", in Victoria M. Petrova, Advances in Engineering Research, vol.16, Nova Publisher, 2017. Abstract

L. Nanni, A. Lumini, L. Minto and P. Zanuttigh, "Face detection coupling texture, color and depth data", in Michal Kawulok, M. Emre Celebi, and Bogdan Smolka, Advances in Face Detection and Facial Image Analysis, Springer, 2016. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "On the Effects of Image Alterations on Face Recognition Accuracy", in Thirimachos Bourlai, Face Recognition Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum, Springer, 2016. Abstract

A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Face Recognition in Ambient Intelligence Applications", in Paul McCullagh, Juan Carlos Augusto, Handbook on Ambient Assisted Living for Healthcare, Well-being and Rehabilitation, vol.11, IOS Press, 2012. Abstract

L. Nanni, S. Brahnam and A. Lumini, "Fusion of lighting insensitive approaches for illumination robust face recognition", in Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Issues, Nova Publisher, 2011. Abstract

S. Brahnam and L. Nanni, "Predicting trait impressions of faces using classifier ensembles", in Christine L. Mumford and Lakhmi C. Jain, Collaborative Computational Intelligence. Collaboration, Fusion and Emergence, vol.1, Springer, 2009. Abstract

S. Brahnam, L. Nanni and S. Randall, "Introduction to neonatal facial pain detection using common and advanced face classification techniques", in H. Yoshida, A. Jain, A. Ichalkaranje, L. C. Jain, N. Ichalkaranje, Computational Intelligence In Healthcare, Springer, 2007.

D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Fast Face Location in Complex Backgrounds", in H. Wechsler et. al., Face Recognition from Theory to Applications, Nato Asi Series, Springer Verlag, 1998. Abstract

G. Borghi, N. Di Domenico, A. Franco, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Revelio: a Modular and Effective Framework for Reproducible Training and Evaluation of Morphing Attack Detectors", IEEE Access, vol.11, pp.120419-120437, October 2023. Abstract

L. Nanni, S. Brahnam, A. Lumini and A. Loreggia, "Coupling RetinaFace and Depth Information to Filter False Positives", Applied Science (Special Issue on Application of Biometrics Technology in Security), vol.13, no.5, pp.2987, February 2023. Abstract

A. Franco, A. Magnani, D. Maltoni, D. Maio, L. Odorisio and A. De Maria, "Face image quality assessment in electronic ID documents", IEEE Access, pp.77744 - 77758, July 2022. Abstract

E. Lopez-Lopez, C. V. Regueiro, X. M. Pardo, A. Franco and A. Lumini, "Towards a Self-sufficient Face Verification System", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.174, pp.114734, July 2021. Abstract

G. Borghi, E. Pancisi, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "A Double Siamese Framework for Differential Morphing Attack Detection", Sensors, vol.21, no.10, May 2021. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Face morphing detection in the presence of printing/scanning and heterogeneous image sources", IET Biometrics Special Issue on presentation attacks on biometric systems, vol.10, no.3, pp.290-303, May 2021. Abstract

K. Raja, M. Ferrara, A. Franco, L. Spreeuwers, I. Batskos, F. De Wit, M. Gomez-Barrero, U. Scherhag, D. Fischer, S. Venkatesh, J. M. Singh, G. Li, L. Bergeron, S. Isadskiy, R. Raghavendra, C. Rathgeb, D. Frings, U. Seidel, F. Knopjes, R.J. Veldhuis, D. Maltoni and C. Busch, "Morphing Attack Detection - Database, Evaluation Platform and Benchmarking", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.16, pp.4336-4351, November 2020. Abstract

L. Nanni, S. Brahnam and A. Lumini, "Face detection ensemble with methods using depth information to filter false positives", Sensors, vol.19, no.23, pp.1-18, November 2019. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Face Demorphing", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.13, no.4, pp.1008-1017, April 2018. Abstract

L. Nanni, A. Lumini and S. Brahnam, "Ensemble of texture descriptors for face recognition obtained by varying feature transforms and preprocessing approaches", Applied Soft Computing, vol.61, pp.8-16, December 2017. Abstract

A. Lumini, L. Nanni and S. Brahnam, "Ensemble of texture descriptors and classifiers for face recognition", Applied Computing and Informatics, vol.13, no.1, pp.79-91, January 2017. Abstract

A. Lumini, L. Nanni and S. Ghidoni, "Deep Features Combined with Hand-Crafted Features for Face Recognition", International Journal of Computer Research, vol.23, no.2, pp.123-136, April 2016. Abstract

L. Nanni, A. Lumini and S. Brahnam, "Ensemble of face/eye detectors for accurate automatic face detection", International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, vol.4, no.3, pp.8-17, May 2015. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maio, "On the use of the Kinect sensor for human identification in smart environments", Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, vol.6, no.4, pp.435-446, July 2014. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "FICV: a new FVC-onGoing benchmark area on Face Compliance Verification to ISO/IEC 19794-5:2011 standard", EAB Newsletter, no.1, pp.15-17, April 2014.

L. Nanni, A. Lumini, F. Dominio and P. Zanuttigh, "Effective and precise face detection based on color and depth data", Applied Computing and Informatics, vol.10, no.1-2, pp.1-13, January 2014. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Combining Face and Eye Detectors in a High- Performance Face-Detection System", IEEE MultiMedia, vol.19, no.4, pp.20 -27, October 2012. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Face Image Conformance to ISO/ICAO standards in Machine Readable Travel Documents", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.7, no.4, pp.1204-1213, August 2012. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maio, "A multi-classifier approach to face image segmentation for travel documents", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.39, no.9, pp.8452-8466, July 2012. Abstract

A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Incremental template updating for face recognition in home environments", Pattern Recognition, vol.43, no.8, pp.2891-2903, August 2010. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "A supervised method to discriminate between impostors and genuine in biometry", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.36, no.7, pp.10401-10407, September 2009. Abstract

A. Franco and L. Nanni, "Fusion of Classifiers For Illumination Robust Face Recognition", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.36, no.5, pp.8946-8954, July 2009. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Genetic nearest feature plane", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.36, no.1, pp.838-843, January 2009. Abstract

A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "2D Face Recognition based on Supervised Subspace Learning from 3D Models", Pattern Recognition, vol.41, no.12, pp.3822-3833, December 2008. Abstract

A. Lumini and L. Nanni, "Over-complete feature generation and feature selection for biometry", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.35, no.4, pp.2049-2055, November 2008. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Random Subspace for an improved BioHashing for Face authentication", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.29, no.3, pp.295-300, February 2008. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Wavelet Decomposition Tree selection for Palm and Face authentication", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.29, no.3, pp.343-353, February 2008. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "RegionBoost Learning for 2D+3D based Face Recognition", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.28, no.15, pp.2063-2070, November 2007. Abstract

L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "A multi-expert approach for Wavelet-based Face Detection", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.28, no.12, pp.1541-1547, September 2007. Abstract

L. Nanni and D. Maio, "Weighted Sub-Gabor For Face Recognition", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.28, no.4, pp.487-492, March 2007. Abstract

A. Lumini and L. Nanni, "Empirical Tests on BioHashing", NeuroComputing, vol.69, no.16, pp.2390-2395, October 2006. Abstract

A. Lumini and L. Nanni, "An advanced multi-modal method for human authentication featuring biometrics data and tokenised random numbers", NeuroComputing, vol.69, no.13, pp.1706-1710, August 2006. Abstract

A. Lumini and L. Nanni, "An approach for improving Face Recognition in presence of inaccurate detection", NeuroComputing, vol.69, no.13, pp.1678-1682, August 2006. Abstract

A. Franco, A. Lumini, D. Maio and L. Nanni, "An Enhanced Subspace Method for Face Recognition", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.27, no.1, pp.76-84, January 2006. Abstract

A. Lumini and L. Nanni, "Combining classifiers to obtain a reliable method for face recognition", Multimedia Cyberscape Journal, vol.3, no.3, pp.47-53, June 2005. Abstract

R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Multi-space KL for Pattern Representation and Classification", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.23, no.9, pp.977-996, September 2001. Abstract

D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Real-Time Face Location on Gray-Scale Static Images", Pattern Recognition, vol.33, no.9, pp.1525-1539, September 2000. Abstract

M. Golfarelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "On The Error-Reject tradeoff in Biometric Verification Systems", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.19, no.7, pp.786-796, July 1997. Abstract

G. Borghi, A. Franco, N. Di Domenico, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "V-MAD: Video-based Morphing Attack Detection in operational scenarios", in proceedings International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB24), Buffalo, NY, USA, September 2024. Abstract

A. Franco, M. Ferrara, C. Liu, C. Busch and D. Maltoni, "On the Impact of Face Image Quality on Morphing Attack Detection", in proceedings International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB24), Buffalo, NY, USA, September 2024. Abstract

M. Robledo-Moreno, G. Borghi, N. Di Domenico, A. Franco, K. Raja and D. Maltoni, "Towards Federated Learning for Morphing Attack Detection", in proceedings International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB24), Buffalo, New York, USA, September 2024. Abstract

N. Di Domenico, G. Borghi, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "ONOT: a High-Quality ICAO-compliant Synthetic Mugshot Dataset", in proceedings 18th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG24), Istanbul, Turkey, May 2024. Abstract

N. Di Domenico, G. Borghi, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Face Restoration for Morphed Images Retouching", in proceedings 12th International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics 24 (IWBF), Enschede, Netherlands, April 2024. Abstract

N. Di Domenico, G. Borghi, A. Franco, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "A Framework to Improve the Comparability and Reproducibility of Morphing Attack Detectors", in proceedings International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), pp.525-530, October 2023. Abstract

A. Franco, F. Løvåsdal and D. Maltoni, "On the human ability in detecting digitally manipulated face images", in proceedings International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), pp.531-536, October 2023. Abstract

L. Pellegrini, G. Borghi, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Detecting Morphing Attacks via Continual Incremental Training", in proceedings International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), pp.1-10, September 2023. Abstract

N. Di Domenico, G. Borghi, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Combining identity features and artifact analysis for Differential Morphing Attack Detection", in proceedings 22nd International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP23), Udine, pp.100-111, September 2023. Abstract

G. Borghi, G. Graffieti, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Incremental Training of Face Morphing Detectors", in proceedings 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR22), Montréal, Québec, pp.914-921, August 2022. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco, D. Maltoni and C. Busch, "Morphing Attack Potential", in proceedings IEEE International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF), Salzburg, Austria, April 2022. Abstract

C. Busch, S. Caillebotte, U. Seidel, F. Knopjes, D. Maltoni, M. Ferrara, R.J. Veldhuis, L. Spreeuwers, K. Raja, R. Raghavendra, M. Gomez-Barrero and C. Rathgeb, "Face Morphing Attacks: What needs to be done", in proceedings International Conference on Biometrics for Borders (ICBB), October 2019. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Decoupling texture blending and shape warping in face morphing", in proceedings International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), Darmstadt, Germany, September 2019. Abstract

E. Lopez-Lopez, C. V. Regueiro, X. M. Pardo, A. Franco and A. Lumini, "Incremental Learning Techniques within a Self-updating Approach for Face Verification in Video-Surveillance", in proceedings 9th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (IbPria2019), Madrid, pp.25-37, July 2019. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Face Demorphing in the Presence of Facial Appearance Variations", in proceedings European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Rome, Italy, pp.2365-2369, September 2018. Abstract

U. Scherhag, A. Nautsch, C. Rathgeb, M. Gomez-Barrero, M. T. Veldhuis, L. Spreeuwers, M. Schils, D. Maltoni, P. Grother, S. Marcel, R. Breithauptk, R. Raghavendra and C. Busch, "Biometric Systems under Morphing Attacks: Assessment of Morphing Techniques and Vulnerability Reporting", in proceedings International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), pp.1-7, September 2017.

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "The Magic Passport", in proceedings International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), Clearwater, Florida, USA, pp.1-7, October 2014. Abstract

A. Franco, D. Maio and F. Turroni, "Spatio-temporal keypoints for video-based face recognition", in proceedings 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR14), Stockholm, pp.489-494, August 2014. Abstract

S. Buoncompagni, A. Franco and D. Maio, "Shape features for candidate photo selection in sketch recognition", in proceedings 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR14), Stockholm, pp.1728-1733, August 2014. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco, D. Maltoni and Y. Sun, "On the Impact of Alterations on Face Photo Recognition Accuracy", in proceedings International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP2013), Naples (Italy), vol.8156, pp.743-751, September 2013. Abstract

Y. Sun, M. Tistarelli and D. Maltoni, "Structural Similarity based image quality map for face recognition across plastic surgery", in proceedings 6th International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTASBTAS 2013), Washington, DC, pp.1-8, September 2013. Abstract

L. Nanni, A. Lumini, S. Brahnam and M. Migliardi, "Ensemble Of Patterns Of Oriented Edge Magnitudes Descriptors For Face Recognition", in proceedings The 17th International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition (IPCV13), Las Vegas, USA, pp.675-680, July 2013. Abstract

D. Maltoni, A. Franco, M. Ferrara, D. Maio and A. Nardelli, "Biolab-ICAO: A New Benchmark to Evaluate Applications Assessing Face Image Compliance to ISO/IEC 19794-5 Standard", in proceedings 16th International Conference on Image Processing (2009), Cairo, pp.41-44, November 2009. Abstract

A. Franco and D. Maio, "Similarity searches in face databases", in proceedings International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP09), Vietri sul Mare, pp.443-450, September 2009. Abstract

A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "The Big Brother database: evaluating face recognition in smart home environments", in proceedings International Conference on Biometrics (ICB09), pp.142-150, June 2009. Abstract

S. Brahnam, L. Nanni and S. Randall, "Neonatal Facial Pain Detection Using NNSOA and LSVM", in proceedings International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition (IPCV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, July 2008.

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Evaluating systems assessing face-image compliance with ICAO/ISO standards", in proceedings European Workshop on Biometrics and Identity Management (BIOID 2008), Roskilde, Denmark, pp.191-199, May 2008. Abstract

R. Cappelli, A. Franco and D. Maio, "Gabor Saliency Map for Face Recognition", in proceedings 14th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP07), Modena, Italy, pp.443-447, September 2007. Abstract

A. Franco, A. Lumini and D. Maio, "A Hierarchical Approach for Face Recognition", in proceedings International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing (VIIP04), Marbella, Spain, pp.54-59, September 2004. Abstract

R. Cappelli, A. Franco, D. Maltoni and L. Nanni, "Combining Template-based and feature-based face detectors", in proceedings International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing (VIIP04), Marbella, Spain, pp.50-53, September 2004. Abstract

L. Nanni, A. Franco and R. Cappelli, "Towards a robust face detector", in proceedings Biometric Authentication Workshop (BIOAW04), Prague (Czech Republic), pp.57-69, May 2004. Abstract

R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Subspace Adaptation for Incremental Face Learning", in proceedings Seventh International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV2002), Singapore, pp.974-979, December 2002. Abstract

R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Subspace classification for face recognition", in proceedings Workshop on Biometric Authentication - ECCV'02 (BIOW2002), Copenhagen, pp.133-141, June 2002. Abstract

A. Franco, A. Lumini and D. Maio, "A hierarchical approach for face recognition", in proceedings Workshop on Automatic Identification Advances Technologies (AutoID'02), Tarrytown (NY), pp.155-158, March 2002. Abstract

D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Localizzazione del Volto in Tempo Reale Mediante Ricerca su Immagini Direzionali", in proceedings IAPRVA (IAPRVA), Ferrara (Italy), April 1998.  Abstract

G. Borghi, A. Franco, N. Di Domenico, M. Ferrara, U. Latif and D. Maltoni, "MONOT: High-Quality Privacy-compliant Morphed Synthetic Images for Everyone", to appear on proceedings IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), Rome, Italy, December 2024. Abstract

M. Dadi, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Supporting Human Examiners in Facial Image Manipulation Detection", to appear on proceedings International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE24), St Albans, London, UK, October 2024. Abstract

G. Borghi, A. Franco, N. Di Domenico and D. Maltoni, "TONO: a Synthetic Dataset for Face Image Compliance to ISO/ICAO Standard", to appear on proceedings Workshop on Synthetic Data for Computer Vision, September 2024. Abstract

C. Liu, M. Ferrara, A. Franco, G. Borghi and D. Zhong, "Differential Morphing Attack Detection via Triplet-Based Metric Learning and Artifact Extraction", to appear on proceedings International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), Darmstadt, Germany, September 2024. Abstract

M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Face morphing detection in the presence of printing/scanning and heterogeneous image sources", Technical Report, ArXiv 1901.08811, January 2019. Abstract

A. Alessandroni, M. Ferrara, A. Franco, D. Maio, D. Maltoni and L Palumbo, "Evaluating systems assessing face-image compliance with ICAO/ISO standards", Technical Report, DEIS - University of Bologna, March 2008. Abstract

A. Alessandroni, M. Ferrara, A. Franco, D. Maio, D. Maltoni and L Palumbo, "Test compliance ICAO su foto del volto in formato Tokenizzabile", Technical Report, DEIS - University of Bologna, March 2008. 

A. Franco, D. Maltoni and L. Nanni, "Recognition of faces: a literature survey", Technical Report, Biometric System Lab - University of Bologna, June 2003.