Biometric System Laboratory

Fingerprint

Thanks to their well-known distinctiveness and persistence, fingerprints are the most widely used biometric characteristic. Fingerprints have been routinely used in the forensics community for over one hundred years and automatic fingerprint identification systems were first installed almost fifty years back. While law enforcement agencies were the earliest adopters of the fingerprint recognition technology, more recently, increasing identity fraud has created a growing need for biometric technology for person recognition in a number of non-forensic applications.

A fingerprint is the reproduction of a fingertip epidermis, produced when a finger is pressed against a smooth surface. The most evident structural characteristic of a fingerprint is a pattern of interleaved ridges and valleys; in a fingerprint image, ridges (also called ridge lines) are dark, whereas valleys are bright. Ridges and valleys often run in parallel; sometimes they bifurcate and sometimes they terminate.
When analyzed at the global level, the fingerprint pattern exhibits one or more regions where the ridge lines assume distinctive shapes (characterized by high curvature, frequent termination, etc.). These regions (called singularities or singular regions) may be classified into three typologies: loop, delta, and whorl.

At the local level, other important features, called minutiae, can be found in the fingerprint patterns. Minutia refers to various ways that the ridges can be discontinuous. For example, a ridge can suddenly come to an end (termination), or can divide into two ridges (bifurcation). Although several types of minutiae can be considered, usually only a coarse classification is adopted to deal with the practical difficulty in automatically discerning the different types with high accuracy.
At very-fine level, intra ridge details can be detected. These are essentially the finger sweat pores whose position and shape is considered to be highly distinctive. However, extracting pores is feasible only on high resolution fingerprint images (e.g. 1000 DPI) of good quality fingerprint images and therefore this kind of representation is usually not practical.

Fingerprint recognition is a complex pattern recognition problem; designing algorithms capable of extracting salient features and matching them in a robust way is quite hard, especially in poor quality fingerprint images. There is a popular misconception that automatic fingerprint recognition is a fully solved problem since it was one of the first applications of machine pattern recognition almost fifty years ago. On the contrary, fingerprint recognition is still a challenging and important pattern recognition problem.

Bibliography

(Click here if you are interested in any of the publications below)

	D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A.K. Jain and J. Feng, Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition (Third Edition), Springer Nature, 2022.
	M. Ferrara, Biometric Fingerprint Recognition Systems, Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010.
	D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A.K. Jain and S. Prabhakar, Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition (Second Edition), Springer (London), 2009.
	J.L. Wayman, A.K. Jain, D. Maltoni and D. Maio, Biometric Systems - Technology, Design and Performance Evaluation, Springer, 2005.
	J. Galbally, J. Fierrez-Aguilar and R. Cappelli, "An Introduction to Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection", in Marcel, Sébastien, Nixon, Mark S., Li, Stan Z. (Eds), Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing, Springer, 2019. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Large scale fingerprint recognition accelerated in hardware", in Martin Drahanský, Hand-Based Biometrics: Methods and technology, IET, 2018. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Generating synthetic fingerprints", in Martin Drahanský, Hand-Based Biometrics: Methods and technology, IET, 2018. Abstract
	D. Maltoni, R. Cappelli and D. Meuwly, "Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems: From Fingerprints to Fingermarks", in Massimo Tistarelli, Christophe Champod, Handbook of Biometrics for Forensic Science, Springer, 2017. Abstract
	A. Adler and R. Cappelli, "Template Security", in Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain (Editors), Encyclopedia of Biometrics (second edition), Springer, 2015.
	R. Cappelli, "Fingerprint Sample Synthesis", in Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain (Editors), Encyclopedia of Biometrics (second edition), Springer, 2015.
	R. Cappelli, "SFinGe", in Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain (Editors), Encyclopedia of Biometrics (second edition), Springer, 2015.
	D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint Recognition, Overview", in Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain (Editors), Encyclopedia of Biometrics (second edition), Springer, 2015.
	J. Galbally, J. Fierrez-Aguilar, J. Ortega-Garcia and R. Cappelli, "Fingerprint Anti-spoofing in Biometric Systems", in Marcel, Sébastien, Nixon, Mark S., Li, Stan Z. (Eds), Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing, Springer, 2014. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Minutiae-Based Fingerprint Matching", in Liu Chengjun, Mago Vijay Kumar, Cross Disciplinary Biometric Systems, Springer, 2012. Abstract
	L. Nanni, A. Lumini, M. Ferrara and R. Cappelli, "Learning for combining fingerprint matchers: a case study FVC-OnGoing", in Elizabeth T. Mueller, Neurocomputing: Learning, Architectures and Modeling, Nova Publishers, 2012. Abstract
	A. Lumini, L. Nanni and D. Maltoni, "Learning in Fingerprints", in N. V. Boulgouris and K.N. Plataniotis and E.Micheli-Tzanakou, Biometrics: theory, methods, and applications, IEEE/Wiley Press, 2009. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, "Synthetic fingerprint generation", in D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A.K. Jain and S. Prabhakar, Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition (Second Edition), Springer (London), 2009.
	R. Cappelli, "Fingerprint Sample Synthesis", in Stan Li (Editor), Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer, 2009. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, "SFinGe", in Stan Li (Editor), Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer, 2009. Abstract
	A. Adler and R. Cappelli, "Template Security", in Stan Li (Editor), Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer, 2009. Abstract
	D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint Recognition, Overview", in Stan Li (Editor), Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer, 2009. Abstract
	D. Maltoni and R. Cappelli, "Fingerprint Recognition", in Anil K. Jain, Patrick Flynn, Arun A. Ross, Handbook of Biometrics, Springer, 2008.
	A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint Synthesis and Spoof Detection", in N.K. Ratha, V. Govindaraju, Advances in Biometrics: Sensors, Algorithms and Systems, Springer, 2008. Abstract
	D. Maltoni, "A Tutorial on Fingerprint Recognition", in Massimo Tistarelli, Josef Bigun, Enrico Grosso, Advanced Studies in Biometrics: Summer School on Biometrics, Alghero, Italy, June 2-6, 2003. Revised Selected Lectures and Papers, Springer-Verlag, 2005.
	R. Cappelli and D. Maio, "The State of the Art in Fingerprint Classification", in N. Ratha and R. Bolle, Automatic Fingerprint Recognition Systems, Springer, 2004. Abstract
	D. Maltoni, "Generation of Synthetic Fingerprint Image Databases", in N. Ratha and R. Bolle, Automatic Fingerprint Recognition Systems, Springer, 2004. Abstract
	D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Minutiae extraction and filtering from gray-scale images", in L.C. Jain, U. Halici, I. Hayashi, S.B. Lee, Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint & Face Recognition, CRC Press, 1999. Abstract
	M. Ferrara, R. Cappelli and D. Maltoni, "Detecting Double-Identity Fingerprint Attacks", IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science, vol.5, no.4, pp.476-485, October 2023. Abstract
	M. Ferrara, R. Cappelli and D. Maltoni, "On the Feasibility of Creating Double-Identity Fingerprints", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.12, no.4, pp.892-900, April 2017. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Large-scale fingerprint identification on GPU", Information Sciences, vol.306, pp.1-20, June 2015. Abstract
	L. Nanni, A. Lumini, M. Ferrara and R. Cappelli, "Combining biometric matchers by means of machine learning and statistical approaches", NeuroComputing, vol.149, no.B, pp. 526-535, February 2015. Abstract
	M. Ferrara, D. Maltoni and R. Cappelli, "Noninvertible Minutia Cylinder-Code Representation", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.7, no.6, pp.1727-1737, December 2012. Abstract
	R. Cappelli and M. Ferrara, "A Fingerprint Retrieval System Based on Level-1 and Level-2 Features", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.39, no.12, pp.10465-10478, September 2012. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maio, "A Fast and Accurate Palmprint Recognition System based on Minutiae", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - Part B, vol.42, no.3, pp.956-962, June 2012. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Robust Fingerprint Matching using Minutia Cylinder-Code Representation", IEEE Biometrics Council Newsletter, vol.3, pp.5, April 2012.
	L. Nanni, C. Casanova, S. Brahnam and A. Lumini, "Empirical tests on enhancement techniques for an hybrid fingerprint matcher based on minutiae and texture", International Journal of Automated Identification Technology, vol.4, no.1, pp.1-10, January 2012. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, "Fast and Accurate Fingerprint Indexing based on Ridge Orientation and Frequency", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - Part B, vol.41, no.6, pp.1511-1521, December 2011. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maio, "Candidate List Reduction based on the Analysis of Fingerprint Indexing Scores", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.6, no.3, pp.1160-1164, September 2011. Abstract
	F. Turroni, D. Maltoni, R. Cappelli and D. Maio, "Improving Fingerprint Orientation Extraction", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.6, no.3, pp.1002-1013, September 2011. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint Indexing based on Minutia Cylinder-Code", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.33, no.5, pp.1051-1057, May 2011. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Minutia Cylinder-Code: a new representation and matching technique for fingerprint recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.32, no.12, pp.2128-2141, December 2010. Abstract
	J. Galbally, R. Cappelli, A. Lumini, G. Gonzalez-de-Rivera, D. Maltoni, J. Fierrez-Aguilar, J. Ortega-Garcia and D. Maio, "An Evaluation of Direct Attacks Using Fake Fingers Generated from ISO Templates", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.31, no.8, pp.725-732, June 2010. Award winning papers from the 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 19th International Conference in Pattern Recognition (ICPR). Abstract
	L. Nanni, A. Lumini and S. Brahnam, "High performance set of features for biometric data", International Journal of Automated Identification Technology, vol.2, no.1, pp.1-7, January 2010. Abstract
	L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Descriptors for image-based fingerprint matchers", Expert Systems With Applications, vol.36, no.10, pp.12414-12422, December 2009. Abstract
	R. Cappelli and D. Maltoni, "On the Spatial Distribution of Fingerprint Singularities", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.31, no.4, pp.742-748, April 2009. Abstract
	D. Maltoni and R. Cappelli, "Advances in fingerprint modeling", Image and Vision Computing, vol.27, no.3, pp.258-268, February 2009. Abstract
	L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Local Binary Patterns for a hybrid fingerprint matcher", Pattern Recognition, vol.41, no.11, pp.3461-3466, November 2008. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "On the Operational Quality of Fingerprint Scanners", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.3, no.2, pp.192-202, June 2008. Abstract
	L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Advanced methods for two-class pattern recognition problem formulation for minutiae-based FingerPrint verification", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.29, no.2, pp.142-148, January 2008. Abstract
	L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "A hybrid wavelet-based fingerprint matcher", Pattern Recognition, vol.40, no.11, pp.3146-3151, November 2007. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, A. Lumini, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint Image Reconstruction from Standard Templates", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.29, no.9, pp.1489-1503, September 2007. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint verification competition 2006", Biometric Technology Today, vol.15, no.7-8, pp.7-9, August 2007. Abstract
	L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "A deformation-invariant image-based fingerprint verification system", NeuroComputing, vol.69, no.16, pp.2336-2339, October 2006. Abstract
	A. Antonelli, R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Fake Finger Detection by Skin Distortion Analysis", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol.1, no.3, pp.360-373, September 2006. Abstract
	L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Random Bands: a novel ensemble for fingerprint matching", NeuroComputing, vol.69, no.13, pp.1702-1705, August 2006. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Guardie e ladri nell'era biometrica", Darwin, no.13, pp.48-53, May 2006.
	A. Lumini and L. Nanni, "Two-class Fingerprint matcher", Pattern Recognition, vol.39, no.4, pp.714-716, April 2006. Abstract
	A. Lumini and L. Nanni, "FuzzyBagging: a novel ensemble of classifiers", Pattern Recognition, vol.39, no.3, pp.488-490, March 2006. Abstract
	L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "A novel method for fingerprint verification that approaches the problem as a two-class pattern recognition problem", NeuroComputing, vol.69, no.7-9, pp.846-849, March 2006. Abstract
	D. Maio and L. Nanni, "Combination of different fingerprint systems: a case study FVC2004", Sensor Review, vol.26, no.1, pp.51-57, January 2006. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio, D. Maltoni, J.L. Wayman and A.K. Jain, "Performance Evaluation of Fingerprint Verification Systems", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.28, no.1, pp.3-18, January 2006. Abstract
	D. Maio and L. Nanni, "An efficient fingerprint verification system using integrated Gabor filters and Parzen Window Classifier", NeuroComputing, vol.68, no.6, pp.208-216, October 2005. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "A Multi-Classifier Approach to Fingerprint Classification", Pattern Analysis and Applications Special Issue on Fusion of Multiple Classifiers, vol.5, no.2, pp.136-144, May 2002. Abstract
	A. Lumini, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Inexact Graph Matching for Fingerprint Classification", Machine GRAPHICS & VISION Special Issue on Graph Trasformations in Pattern Generation and CAD, vol.8, no.2, pp.231-248, September 1999. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, A. Lumini, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint Classification by Directional Image Partitioning", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.21, no.5, pp.402-421, May 1999. Abstract
	A. Lumini, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Continuous vs Exclusive Classification for Fingerprint Retrieval", Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.18, no.10, pp.1027-1034, October 1997. Abstract
	D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Direct Gray-Scale Minutiae Detection in Fingerprints", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol.19, no.1, pp.27-40, 1997. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Metodo di codifica delle minuzie di una impronta digitale e corrispondente metodo di riconoscimento di impronte digitali", Patent N. ITBO2009A000149, 2009. Abstract
	A. Antonelli, R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Apparecchio e metodo per discriminare una impronta digitale vera da una impronta digitale artificiale falsa, attraverso l’analisi della distorsione elastica della pelle", Patent N. BO2005A000399, 2005. Abstract
	D. Baldisserra, A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Apparecchio e metodo per discriminare una impronta digitale vera da una impronta digitale artificiale attraverso l’analisi dell’odore del dito associato all’impronta digitale da discriminare", Patent N. BO2005A000398, 2005. Abstract
	M. R. Prasad, A. Makrushin, M. Ferrara, C. Kraetzer and J. Dittmann, "GAN-based Minutiae-driven Fingerprint Morphing", in proceedings ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security (IH&MMSec), Baiona, Spain, June 2024. Abstract
	S. Papi, M. Ferrara, D. Maltoni and A. Anthonioz, "On the Generation of Synthetic Fingerprint Alterations", in proceedings International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), Darmstadt, Germany, September 2016. Abstract
	M. Ferrara, D. Maltoni and R. Cappelli, "A Two-Factor Protection Scheme for MCC Fingerprint Templates", in proceedings International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), Darmstadt, Germany, September 2014. Abstract
	L. Nanni, A. Lumini and S. Brahnam, "A secure multimatcher system for fingerprint verification", in proceedings 2013 Annual Meeting of the Northeast Decision Sciences Institute (NEDSI), New York, pp.511-522, April 2013. Abstract
	S. Brahnam, C. Casanova, L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "A Hybrid Fingerprint Multimatcher", in proceedings 16th International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition (IPCV'12), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, July 2012. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maltoni and F. Turroni, "Fingerprint Enhancement using Contextual Iterative Filtering", in proceedings 5th International Conference on Biometrics (ICB2012), New Delhi, India, March 2012. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara, D. Maltoni and F. Turroni, "Fingerprint Verification Competition at IJCB2011", in proceedings International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB11), Washington DC, October 2011. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara, D. Maltoni and M. Tistarelli, "MCC: a Baseline Algorithm for Fingerprint Verification in FVC-onGoing", in proceedings 11th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), Singapore, December 2010. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maltoni and F. Turroni, "Benchmarking Local Orientation Extraction in Fingerprint Recognition", in proceedings 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR2010), Istanbul, pp.1144-1147, August 2010. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Semi-automatic Enhancement of Very Low Quality Fingerprints", in proceedings 6th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA09), Salzburg, pp.678-683, September 2009. Abstract
	B. Dorizzi, R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara, D. Maio, D. Maltoni, N. Houmani, S. Garcia-Salicetti and A. Mayoue, "Fingerprint and On-Line Signature Verification Competitions at ICB 2009", in proceedings International Conference on Biometrics (ICB), Alghero, Italy, pp.725-732, June 2009. Abstract
	J. Galbally, R. Cappelli, A. Lumini, D. Maltoni and J. Fierrez-Aguilar, "Fake Fingertip Generation from a Minutiae Template", in proceedings 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR2008), Tampa, Florida, USA, pp.1-4, December 2008. IBM Best Student Paper Award. Abstract
	A. Alessandroni, R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "Definition of Fingerprint Scanner Image Quality Specifications by Operational Quality", in proceedings European Workshop on Biometrics and Identity Management (BIOID 2008), Roskilde, Denmark, pp.29-35, May 2008. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, "Use of Synthetic Data for Evaluating the Quality of Minutia Extraction Algorithms", in proceedings Second NIST Biometric Quality Workshop, Gaithersburg, Maryland, November 2007.
	M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "On the Operational Quality of Fingerprint Scanners", in proceedings Second NIST Biometric Quality Workshop, Gaithersburg, Maryland, November 2007.
	M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint scanner focusing estimation by Top Sharpening Index", in proceedings 14th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP07), Modena, Italy, pp.223-228, September 2007. Abstract
	M. Ferrara, A. Franco and D. Maltoni, "Estimating Image Focusing in Fingerprint Scanners", in proceedings Workshop on Automatic Identification Advances Technologies (AutoID07), Alghero, Italy, pp.30-34, June 2007. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, A. Lumini, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Evaluating Minutiae Template Vulnerability to Masquerade Attack", in proceedings 5th Workshop on Automatic Identification Advances Technologies (AutoID2007), Alghero, June 2007. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, A. Lumini, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Can Fingerprints be Reconstructed from ISO Templates?", in proceedings International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV2006), Singapore, pp.191-196, December 2006. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "The Quality of Fingerprint Scanners and Its Impact on the Accuracy of Fingerprint Recognition Algorithms", in proceedings Multimedia Content Representation, Classification and Security (MRCS2006), Istanbul, pp.10-16, September 2006. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara and D. Maltoni, "The Quality of Fingerprint Scanners and its Impact on the Accuracy of Fingerprint Recognition Algorithms", in proceedings First NIST Biometric Quality Workshop, Gaithersburg, Maryland, March 2006.
	D. Baldisserra, A. Franco, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Fake Fingerprint Detection by Odor Analysis", in proceedings International Conference on Biometric Authentication (ICBA06), Hong Kong, January 2006. Abstract
	A. Antonelli, R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "A new approach to fake finger detection based on skin distortion", in proceedings International Conference on Biometric Authentication (ICBA06), Hong Kong, January 2006. Abstract
	J. Fierrez-Aguilar, L. Nanni, J. Ortega-Garcia, R. Cappelli and D. Maltoni, "Combining Multiple Matchers for Fingerprint Verification: A Case Study in FVC2004", in proceedings 13th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP2005), Cagliari, September 2005. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "An Improved Noise Model for the Generation of Synthetic Fingerprints", in proceedings Eighth International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV2004), Kunming, China, December 2004. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, "Fingerprints: Recognition, Performance Evaluation and Synthetic Generation", in proceedings 5th Chinese Conference on Biometric Recognition (SINOBIOMETRICS2004), Guangzhou, pp.4, December 2004. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, "SFinGe: an Approach to Synthetic Fingerprint Generation", in proceedings International Workshop on Biometric Technologies (BT2004), Calgary, Canada, pp.147-154, June 2004. Invited paper. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio, D. Maltoni and L. Nanni, "A two-stage fingerprint classification system", in proceedings ACM SIGMM Multimedia Biometrics Methods and Applications Workshop (WBMA03), Berkley, pp.95-99, November 2003. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Synthetic Fingerprint-Database Generation", in proceedings 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR2002), Qu�bec City, vol.3, pp.744-747, August 2002. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, "SFinGe: Synthetic Fingerprint Generator", in proceedings 12th CardTech/SecurTech (CTST2002), April 2002. Invited. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Modelling Plastic Distortion in Fingerprint Images", in proceedings Second International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition (ICAPR2001), Rio de Janeiro, pp.369-376, March 2001. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Indexing Fingerprint Databases for Efficient 1:N Matching", in proceedings Sixth International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV2000), Singapore, December 2000. Invited Paper. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, A. Erol, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Synthetic Fingerprint-image Generation", in proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR2000), Barcelona, vol.3, pp.475-478, September 2000. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Combining Fingerprint Classifiers", in proceedings First International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems (MCS2000), Cagliari, pp.351-361, June 2000. Abstract
	R. Cappelli, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Fingerprint Classification based on Multi-space KL", in proceedings Workshop on Automatic Identification Advances Technologies (AutoID'99), Summit (NJ), pp.117-120, October 1999. Abstract
	D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "A secure protocol for electronic commerce based on fingerprints and encryption", in proceedings ISAS (ISAS'99), Orlando (Florida), vol.4, pp.519-525, August 1999. Abstract
	D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Neural Network Based Minutiae Filtering in Fingerprints", in proceedings 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Brisbane (Australia), pp.1654-1658, August 1998. Abstract
	D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Ridge-Line Density Estimation in Digital Images", in proceedings 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Brisbane (Australia), pp.534-538, August 1998. Abstract
	D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "A Structural Approach to Fingerprint Classification", in proceedings 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Vienna, pp.578-585, August 1996. Abstract
	D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "An efficient approach to on-line fingerprint verification", in proceedings VIII International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Mexico, pp.132-138, October 1995.
	A. Lumini, D. Maio and D. Maltoni, "Strategie per il retrieval di impronte digitali", in proceedings Sistemi Evoluti per Basi di Dati (SEBD97), Verona (Italy), pp.47-66, June 1997. Abstract
	M. Ferrara, D. Maltoni and R. Cappelli, "A Simple and Effective Two-Factor Protection Scheme for MCC Fingerprint Templates", Technical Report, Biometric System Lab - University of Bologna, April 2014. Abstract